# Best of ethresear.ch on Kiwi News

Page: https://news.kiwistand.com/source/ethresear.ch

69 stories from ethresear.ch have been shared on Kiwi News since 13 May 2023, with 194 upvotes and 8 comments in total. The latest was shared on 6 October 2026. The 50 most upvoted are listed below.

Summaries are AI summaries of the linked article.

## 1. Using Portal network protocol for history-expiry

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Using-Portal-network-protocol-for-history-expiry?index=0x685a5aa3d7f937c4ffd1c78f266353ce81ce6ec789f2ce55e9f8215ed84873e130fdd8d0
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/using-portal-network-protocol-for-history-expiry/22658
- Shared 24 June 2025, 22 upvotes, 0 comments

The Finalized Chain History subnetwork is proposed as a decentralized storage layer, built on the Portal wire protocol, for finalized historical Ethereum data. It assumes nodes are Execution Layer clients that store all historical headers locally, so headers are not kept on the network. Block bodies and receipts are stored using RLP encoding, and a custom content_id function swaps the 16 least significant and 48 most significant bits of the block number, spreading content across the domain while keeping consecutive blocks close. The author chose CYCLE_BITS=16 because it simplifies implementation and because peers storing at least 1/256 (about 0.4%) of content would hold sequences of at least 256 consecutive blocks.

## 2. Blob Sharing for Based Rollups

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Blob-Sharing-for-Based-Rollups?index=0x685a5b3a1980ff25977505617de7da21361ca9f7ee9f0315d1c8dbe434a8274fee63a452
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/blob-sharing-for-based-rollups/22659
- Shared 24 June 2025, 15 upvotes, 0 comments

Anshu Jalan and Lin Oshitani of Nethermind propose a blob sharing protocol that lets multiple based rollups fill a single set of blobs, reducing the cost of partially filled blob submissions. The article cites Taiko blob submissions with fill rates of about 7%, 33%, and 55%. The design uses the shared proposer as the blob aggregator and EIP-7702 to let one L1 transaction call every rollup inbox through a minimal batcher contract. The authors say the approach is stack-agnostic, and they present a demo that runs two Taiko instances through a shared blob.

## 3. Vocdoni Protocol: Decentralized Voting for the Masses with ZK Technology

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Vocdoni-Protocol-Decentralized-Voting-for-the-Masses-with-ZK-Technology?index=0x675b3c8b1ea64325d9debaffb3d8bdb9b963aac2c809d4986dc2e14b71ec4975b2d02526
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/vocdoni-protocol-enabling-decentralized-voting-for-the-masses-with-zk-technology
- Shared 12 December 2024, 9 upvotes, 0 comments

## 4. What happened to our decentralized private new internet?

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/What-happened-to-our-decentralized-private-new-internet?index=0x670fafa69ab85c8e42cca558085554c9f754cecbb507fa1a1aa05bc2cb8b8ba8bd6081a7
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/what-happened-to-our-decentralized-private-new-internet/20657
- Shared 16 October 2024, 8 upvotes, 1 comment

The article, co-authored by Peyman Momeni (Fairblock), Amit Chaudhary (Labyrinth) and Muhammad Yusuf (Delphi Digital), argues that Web3 has so far failed to deliver practical private applications, and that balancing onchain confidentiality with compliance requires decentralized selective disclosure. It says blockchain utility after 16 years is mostly limited to meme coins and infrastructure projects, and that businesses cannot yet share payroll or confidential data onchain. It proposes threshold-network designs in which Revokers flag transactions and Guardians vote on de-anonymization requests, with each request publicly verifiable. The authors say existing approaches such as sanction lists, KYC and Chainalysis-style tools are each incomplete on their own.

## 5. Bringing privacy to EVM applications using confidential computing

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Bringing-privacy-to-EVM-applications-using-confidential-computing?index=0x6756e587f723452ecf6b20ef1727af7c9e03b56cef34f9ed90f8e613b24a4ae399698621
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/bringing-privacy-to-evm-applications-using-confidential-computing-via-co-processors/21217
- Shared 9 December 2024, 8 upvotes, 0 comments

The article proposes bringing privacy to existing EVM applications through off-chain co-processors that compute on encrypted data using privacy-enhancing technologies such as FHE, with encrypted ERC20 tokens and batched, differentially private order settlement as core components. It argues that transparent public-chain transaction flows deter privacy-conscious users and expose users to front-running, and that prior approaches like threshold-encrypted mempools and shielded pools face high barriers, complex key management, UX problems, and regulatory concerns. The design is inspired by Penumbra's Zswap DEX, which uses sealed-bid batch swaps. Orders are aggregated before decryption so individual amounts stay hidden, and the return amount for each user is calculated homomorphically.

## 6. How to hard-fork to save most users’ funds in a quantum emergency

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/How-to-hard-fork-to-save-most-users-funds-in-a-quantum-emergency?index=0x65edb6dacd8a4cd4c24ad7001c38782caf9ab95aa24b5d6cb396594e2114366e23ad5457
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/how-to-hard-fork-to-save-most-users-funds-in-a-quantum-emergency/18901
- Shared 10 March 2024, 7 upvotes, 1 comment

The author argues that Ethereum is already well-positioned for a recovery hard fork in a quantum emergency, in which few users would lose funds. Under the proposed structure, the chain would revert blocks after the first block where large-scale theft is clearly underway, and traditional EOA-based transactions would be disabled. Users would then prove knowledge of a private preimage, using one of k approved hash functions, that maps to their address with a STARK proof, and their account code would switch to new validation code. Because STARKs are large, the proofs could be batched, with a STARK-of-STARKs keeping each user's preimage private from the aggregator.

## 7. Torrents and EIP-4444

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Torrents-and-EIP-4444?index=0x6671494c96c27a76ea545e61da2251581741d6e0ab5f6118053cb2d06ad42aa5382e5211
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/torrents-and-eip-4444/19788
- Shared 18 June 2024, 6 upvotes, 0 comments

The article describes a method for distributing pre-merge Ethereum history via torrent as one possible way to meet EIP-4444, which aims to limit the historical data Ethereum nodes must store. The torrent was built from era files exported with geth v1.14.3 for blocks 0 to 15537393, the merge block height, and the export was verified with era verify, which reported 1896 files verified in 5h21m49s. The resulting torrent is 427GB, uses 64MB chunks, and includes a mix of http, https and udp trackers. The article lists tradeoffs, including that peers cannot be incentivized or guaranteed to serve the data and that nodes would need to seed what they download.

## 8. Native rollups—superpowers from L1 execution

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Native-rollupssuperpowers-from-L1-execution?index=0x678f4e76a6f31a93d79a54232d54ad1b032f2224b7f4d3b801ca0bbe523854b90d9a88fb
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/native-rollups-superpowers-from-l1-execution/21517
- Shared 21 January 2025, 5 upvotes, 0 comments

A proposal describes an EXECUTE precompile that exposes Ethereum L1's EVM execution engine to rollups, which would let EVM-equivalent rollups drop security councils and other attack vectors and fully inherit L1 security. The precompile takes a pre-state root, post-state root, execution trace and gas used, and returns true only if stateless execution of the trace matches those roots and gas. Validators could initially enforce it by re-execution, with optional SNARK proof verification later under one-slot delayed execution. The proposal suggests sharing zkEL proofs offchain so validators can choose their own verifier clients, though real-time settled L2s would then need to use L1 data availability.

## 9. On solo staking, local block building and blobs

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/On-solo-staking-local-block-building-and-blobs?index=0x66fe4957f80ecbccba2ef6fb6cf14d077a3b90e3989d518c383fa563cbe9d02499f6804b
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/on-solo-staking-local-block-building-and-blobs/20540
- Shared 3 October 2024, 5 upvotes, 0 comments

Ethereum reorg data from October 2023 to October 2024 suggests solo stakers and local block builders are reorged more often than professional operators and MEV-Boost builders, which bears on whether to raise blob throughput in Pectra. The article reports that about 0.2% of blocks are reorged on average, with professional node operators such as Lido, Kiln, Figment and EtherFi below that average and solo stakers and Rocketpool operators above it. Local builders had a reorg rate of about 1.02%, roughly five times the 0.20% rate for MEV-Boost builders. The author notes that the reorg rate has trended down since the Dencun hardfork for solo stakers and MEV-Boost users, but not for local builders, and that solo stakers are the largest group among local builders.

## 10. A summary on consumer blockchains

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/A-summary-on-consumer-blockchains?index=0x6505d50b6f9faf97e53bb51eaaaa74e498eb9af7dfd4e93f7f9cd73a5beb44d3b2f9800a
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/a-summary-on-consumer-blockchains/16484
- Shared 16 September 2023, 5 upvotes, 0 comments

The author proposes describing blockchains to the public through four consumer-facing properties: fast, cheap, easy and safe, rather than abstract technical specifications. Faster chains are described as those with confirmation times of about 2 or 3 seconds, compared with 15 seconds or more for other systems, while BFT-like chains with timeouts offer instant finality but halt when enough nodes fail to respond. The text states that blockchains with more nodes suffer less from transaction censorship, and that Layer 2s can make transactions cheaper but have fewer nodes. It also says meta-transactions could enable seed-less wallets and gas-less transactions, making blockchains easier to use.

## 11. Behind the Scenes of Ethereum's Pectra Upgrade: A Data-Driven Analysis

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Behind-the-Scenes-of-Ethereums-Pectra-Upgrade-A-Data-Driven-Analysis?index=0x685cf90d59b064a1c668098be595c9dacf7bac3d5444bb5a6ee1e1151076fbbc394c3e05
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/behind-the-scenes-of-ethereums-pectra-upgrade-a-data-driven-analysis/22665
- Shared 26 June 2025, 4 upvotes, 0 comments

Ethereum's Pectra (Electra) upgrade on May 7, 2025 left block broadcasting latency largely unchanged overall, according to ProbeLab's data analysis. About 70% of online nodes switched to the new fork immediately, with a further ~18% upgrading within five days, and roughly 53% of nodes were running Electra-compatible clients two days before the fork. The median block arrival improved by close to 200ms, but nodes in Africa, Australia and South America saw slower arrivals, and around 5% of blocks missed the 4-second slot deadline.

## 12. Tidbits of post-quantum ETH

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Tidbits-of-post-quantum-ETH?index=0x67659dbdab32ddd23b4214c1af0083e6c528b4b6cdd5ef66c8e4a828410ff0e21d86e74b
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/tidbits-of-post-quantum-eth/21296
- Shared 20 December 2024, 4 upvotes, 0 comments

Vitalik Buterin's post-quantum tasklist for Ethereum lists components that would need upgrading if a cryptographically relevant quantum computer is built, since Shor's and Grover's algorithms could break ECDSA and ECDH and weaken hash functions. The article says BIP39 seed phrases and EIP-2333 validator withdrawal keys are fine, while BIP32 derivation, transaction signing, address format, KZG verification and the EVM's KECCAK256 opcode need replacing. It proposes Falcon or SLH-DSA for signatures, which would produce larger keys and signatures; for example, Falcon-1024 has 1.75KB keys and 1.25KB signatures. The author is confident these problems can be solved and suggests that, if such a computer appears soon, a hard fork could freeze accounts and use BIP39 with ZK-proofs to move funds into a post-quantum scheme.

## 13. Fraud Proofs Are Broken. And a collaborative effort is needed to fix them.

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Fraud-Proofs-Are-Broken-And-a-collaborative-effort-is-needed-to-fix-them?index=0x661c8ae2c652b0c8bc6bbdc0e6b67392153f2fd2a1d61af2fc01046af4b85e8950cf62ee
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/fraud-proofs-are-broken/19234
- Shared 15 April 2024, 4 upvotes, 0 comments

Permissionless interactive fraud proofs for optimistic rollups are vulnerable to Sybil attacks, and the author calls for open, public research collaboration between optimistic rollup teams to address this. Three candidate algorithms are named: Cartesi's Permissionless Refereed Tournaments (PRT), Arbitrum's Bounded Liquidity Delay (BoLD), and OP Stack's Fault Proof System (OPFP), each with issues that undermine safety, settlement speed, or decentralization. For Canetti-based designs made permissionless, settlement delay grows linearly with the number of Sybils, while PRT's delay grows logarithmically but takes about a week per match.

## 14. The risks of LRTs

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/The-risks-of-LRTs?index=0x65df3748a0cade640a4581486ebed1b59b9cfecf6841da5e1d0e05b1808a15f49a6ef98e
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/the-risks-of-lrts/18799
- Shared 28 February 2024, 4 upvotes, 0 comments

The article, by Mike Neuder and Tarun Chitra, argues that liquid restaking tokens (LRTs) carry substantial risk and that there is no free lunch, since the extra rewards come with added exposure. It compares six yield-bearing instruments across five attributes, pairing sovereign bonds, L1 staking positions and AVS restaking positions with bond funds, liquid staking tokens (LSTs) and LRTs. The authors state that LRT TVL grew from $250 million to over $4 billion in the past two months, ahead of the launch of restaked services. They also note that EigenLayer launched in June 2023 and that Lido holds over 30% of staked ETH.

## 15. Enforceable Human-Readable Transactions: how to solve Bybit-like hacks

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Enforceable-Human-Readable-Transactions-how-to-solve-Bybit-like-hacks?index=0x67c178e78b09b3e988e293725f443e784a4360c43c9e6a3466eb6c7445b1d2e2c83e2deb
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/enforceable-human-readable-transactions-how-to-solve-bybit-like-hacks/21836/5
- Shared 28 February 2025, 3 upvotes, 1 comment

Each application would embed an enforceable, human-readable description in the messages users sign, and its smart contract would reject any signature where that description does not match the transaction data. The approach responds to the $1.5 billion Ethereum theft, in which spoofed front-ends tricked signers while the wallet displayed the data correctly. The description is recomputed from the input data on-chain, so it needs no extra data availability, though each transaction gains computational overhead and users must sign twice, a problem the upcoming Pectra fork may help address. The text says the technique suits Cartesi application-specific rollups, which offer dedicated blockspace.

## 16. Building index-tracking assets on top of options instead of debt

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Building-index-tracking-assets-on-top-of-options-instead-of-debt?index=0x6a1da61cdf7a2681bdea4091315753f61b51284c6a37ae8ebf02f2e97148d0a0816ef7d2
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/building-index-tracking-assets-on-top-of-options-instead-of-debt/25036
- Shared 1 June 2026, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

The article proposes building index-tracking synthetic assets on options instead of debt, arguing this removes the need for real-time oracles and liquidations. It defines a pair of tokens, P and N, created by splitting 1 ETH, where at maturity P receives min(1, S/x) ETH and N receives max(0, 1 - S/x) ETH, with x being the oracle's value of the tracked ticker T. Because P + N always equals 1 ETH, the system cannot become insolvent and liquidations are unnecessary. The author suggests holding deep in-the-money options and rotating to lower strikes as prices approach the strike, and says accepting moderate quadratic drift of about 1-4% per year is underrated.

## 17. Native DVT for Ethereum staking

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Native-DVT-for-Ethereum-staking?index=0x697080e3a1c940c502b54c1526ad6295ade6d14474f1c89de2bd805a91cd2a8e38922ea7
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/native-dvt-for-ethereum-staking/23894
- Shared 21 January 2026, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

Enshrining distributed validator technology (DVT) into the Ethereum protocol is proposed as a simpler alternative to existing DVT solutions such as ssv.network and Obol. Under the design, a validator with at least n times the minimum balance may specify up to n keys and a threshold m, with n capped at 16, and its virtual identities are treated as one group identity that acts only when at least m of them sign off. It adds one round of latency to block and FOCIL production and none to attestation, and is intended to let large stakers run secure M-of-N setups without staking providers.

## 18. ENS with IBAN Resolvers: Unify settlment layer of DeFi and TradFi

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/ENS-with-IBAN-Resolvers-Unify-settlment-layer-of-DeFi-and-TradFi?index=0x696b76b5d5be35b31233e6ddb3374aa77a6266103e0c210659cb5232aca01b815481dd2e
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/ens-with-iban-resolvers-unify-settlment-layer-of-defi-and-tradfi/23862
- Shared 17 January 2026, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

## 19. A pathway for GDPR Data Management & Privacy for Ethereum

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/A-pathway-for-GDPR-Data-Management-and-Privacy-for-Ethereum?index=0x6847e0f5c3ff344f8f173b45ba03ffb90c8b99f28c71034954661acd702682f33d540afc
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/a-pathway-for-gdpr-data-management-privacy-for-ethereum/22567
- Shared 10 June 2025, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

Public permissionless chains like Ethereum can reconcile immutability and decentralization with GDPR data-protection rules by pushing personal data to wallets and dApps, storing it off-chain, and splitting roles cryptographically. The European Blockchain Association argues this would confine controller duties to a small set of application-layer actors, while other network participants become processors or fall out of scope. It cites techniques such as Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844), where blob data lives off-chain for about 18 days before pruning to KZG commitments, and PeerDAS, where nodes hold only short-lived, unintelligible fragments. The text states that this approach depends on widespread adoption of privacy-enhancing technologies.

## 20. Introduction to Blockchain Mechanism Math, Terminology, and Hieroglyphics

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Introduction-to-Blockchain-Mechanism-Math-Terminology-and-Hieroglyphics?index=0x675c8c0c822dd31a93313e71f1c97bab8a7cbbfb7837bc513176a3bfd12bafacf8047592
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/introduction-to-blockchain-mechanism-math-terminology-and-hieroglyphics-for-deeply-casual-people-who-want-to-sound-smart-when-discussing-white-papers-with-their-peers/21265
- Shared 13 December 2024, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

This satirical guide, written as a mock introduction by Alex Watts et al., explains math notation and terminology used in DeFi mechanism design white papers for readers who want to sound informed in discussions about them. It covers set notation such as union, intersection and cardinality, along with probability symbols and expectation, sigma and product notation, and derivatives. The author says many of the explanations are deliberately oversimplified and in places wrong, and jokes that the notation is meant to confuse readers. The excerpt ends partway through the section on derivatives.

## 21. Censorable Tornado Cash

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Censorable-Tornado-Cash?index=0x67278a8e0593c9fc84e480939b4587a09fa48a989d352b5a7d987cfefbaa5af3af17f0ae
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/censorable-tornado-cash/20920
- Shared 3 November 2024, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

Selectively auditable zero-knowledge proofs (SA-ZKPs) could let a regulated version of Tornado Cash balance user privacy with regulatory oversight. Regulators would register with the network to receive audit permissions through a cryptographic trapdoor, and could selectively decrypt transaction data only when suspicious activity arises. The U.S. Treasury sanctioned Tornado Cash in August 2022, citing alleged laundering of over $7 billion since its 2019 launch. Readers are asked whether they would still use such a mixer.

## 22. Curvy Protocol

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Curvy-Protocol?index=0x6722474c9519ee1b4d71606a5c86f566a9d7aba4f2f2a14fece8ab501abe0baec6e8a39e
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/curvy-protocol-dual-key-stealth-address-protocol-based-on-elliptic-curve-pairing/20897
- Shared 30 October 2024, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

The Curvy protocol is a stealth address protocol based on elliptic curve pairing, presented by its authors as an improvement over earlier pairing-based schemes. The authors say it overcomes shortcomings in two prior papers: EDKSAP, which leaves a gap letting the sender and the viewing-key holder pair to obtain the stealth address private key, and another scheme where the private key can be computed by the sender without teamwork. In their implementation in Go with the gnark-crypto library, the authors compared ephemeral public key registry search times against DKSAP from BaseSAP for 5000 to 80000 announcements.

## 23. Censorship resistance through game theory

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Censorship-resistance-through-game-theory?index=0x6669551a61b0516d4c5be09f0dfefbddc6c1a6f5d6aaadb4029414268209bd0c6d3032d9
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/censorship-resistance-through-game-theory/19760
- Shared 12 June 2024, 3 upvotes, 0 comments

Proposal argues that relays should disclose more metadata about winning blocks, such as transaction hashes, so validators can decide whether to delegate block building based on their own preferences and reduce censorship by block builders. The author suggests this would make including all valid transactions the dominant strategy for builders, and notes that it needs no hard fork, only changes to the relay spec, consensus layer client and minor execution client changes. The article's payoff matrix models a builder and proposer game, concluding that mutual acceptance of transactions yields the best outcome. The author also acknowledges that relays may leak some information to other builders as a possible downside.

## 24. A local-node-favoring delta to the scaling roadmap

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/A-local-node-favoring-delta-to-the-scaling-roadmap?index=0x682ac865393348b925a404cefbb7c9fe10b5cca5c3325374d2cc6d886d3337f59fb3e023
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/a-local-node-favoring-delta-to-the-scaling-roadmap/22368
- Shared 19 May 2025, 2 upvotes, 1 comment

The article proposes adjusting Ethereum's L1 scaling roadmap so that people can keep running personal full nodes even as the gas limit grows, arguing that a local node gives trustless, private, censorship-resistant chain access beyond what ZK-EVMs and PIR alone provide. It cites three reasons: fully trustless cryptographic solutions like 1-server PIR will stay expensive, metadata about IP addresses and request patterns reveals user information, and a market dominated by a few RPC providers faces pressure to censor, with many already excluding entire countries. Its short-term priorities include a full rollout of EIP-4444 so nodes store only about 36 days of history, distributed erasure-coded history storage, and higher gas costs for creating new state. Its main new idea is a partially stateless node that keeps a user-configured subset of state, with the configuration possibly managed by an onchain contract.

## 25. Fair fees: A dynamic formula for balancing dapp value creation/capture

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Fair-fees-A-dynamic-formula-for-balancing-dapp-value-creationcapture?index=0x680f6a3f5b6062eca414af5427a5eb571811152473a65f2df78da73673ab9a821eaf28c9
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/fair-fees-a-dynamic-formula-for-balancing-dapp-value-creation-capture/22225
- Shared 28 April 2025, 2 upvotes, 1 comment

Kevin Owocki and Devansh Mehta propose a dynamic fee formula for individual dapps to balance builder incentives against excessive extraction. It is not a proposal to change protocol-layer economics. Builders receive the larger of sqrt(1000 × N) and 1% of N, where N is the amount projects get, so the fee is proportionally higher for small pools. For a $170,000 pool, the square-root fee is $13,038.40, and the rate becomes a flat 1% once funding exceeds $10 million. The authors suggest pilots at Gitcoin Grants round GG24 and Deep Funding, and consider directing 10-25% of the overhead to the mechanism's own dependencies.

## 26. Ethereum Privacy: The Road to Self-Sovereignty

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Ethereum-Privacy-The-Road-to-Self-Sovereignty?index=0x67f68b47eeb2e75035841c55e7e8fe0612274b1feac6d77ff98a82b39152ccc255dbe30e
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/ethereum-privacy-the-road-to-self-sovereignty/22115
- Shared 9 April 2025, 2 upvotes, 1 comment

This roadmap argues that Ethereum should provide privacy by default and unconditionally, so users do not have to prove their innocence or take deliberate steps to conceal financial activity. It says the current model is partly opt-in, which often costs users usability, accessibility and effectiveness. It proposes integrating privacy-preserving technologies at the protocol level so that transactions, smart contracts and network interactions are confidential by default. The text closes by inviting feedback, ideas and concerns from readers.

## 27. Tracing committee leaks in encrypted Ethereum mempools

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Tracing-committee-leaks-in-encrypted-Ethereum-mempools?index=0x6ac492e7a03522ac0ee4f7cf023330c4ec472079ab5661ce9d2dbf4a4751d1cdc2e85b0a
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/accountability-for-encrypted-mempools/26123
- Shared 6 October 2026, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

The authors propose a candidate traceable threshold encryption construction, adapted from BPR25's Paillier-based techniques, to identify committee members who leak decryption shares for encrypted mempools before transactions are meant to be revealed. The threat is partial collusion: fewer than t committee members pool shares into a "partial decoder box" that can be sold, letting an outsider decrypt after collecting only t-f additional shares. The construction builds on the traceable secret sharing of BPR24, which uses Shamir polynomial evaluations and perturbation of an input share to recover information about the corrupted parties' Lagrange coefficients. The authors state that this is a first step and not a deployment-ready solution, with open problems remaining around setup and the tracing authority.

## 28. Frame Transactions and the Three Gates to Privacy

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Frame-Transactions-and-the-Three-Gates-to-Privacy?index=0x69f99f1e11be63e8ed1347031a906dda92a51c6a0ac2f3fae7878a1aa98045baafe6adc7
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/frame-transactions-and-the-three-gates-to-privacy/24666
- Shared 5 May 2026, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

Frame transactions under EIP-8141 could let privacy withdrawals pay their own gas, removing relayers, but the article argues that default mempool, FOCIL and node rules currently exclude privacy withdrawals from every default path to censorship resistance. Under default parameters, a Groth16 pairing check exceeds the 100k MAX_VERIFY_GAS cap, so the transactions are rejected from the public mempool and excused from FOCIL enforcement. The article says the gap stems from how FOCIL enforces inclusion. A validation-index approach, which replaces the O(k²) append loop with per-transaction index claims, would allow the per-inclusion-list VERIFY budget to rise to 2^20 gas.

## 29. Enforceable human-readable transactions: How to solve Bybit-like hacks

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Enforceable-human-readable-transactions-How-to-solve-Bybit-like-hacks?index=0x68307f6e8c918979807a9e432f7d4a00d6cb817f8e3f4d2ca03f395b063a5c296c8daaa9
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/enforceable-human-readable-transactions-how-to-solve-bybit-like-hacks/21836/31
- Shared 23 May 2025, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

The article proposes that applications embed an enforceable, human-readable description in signed EIP-712 messages to prevent blind-signing attacks like the Bybit hack. Each application would implement a canonical decoder that turns the message into a plain-language description, which the wallet displays alongside the raw data. The application recomputes the description on-chain and rejects any transaction whose signed description does not match, so the description need not be stored for data availability. The author notes that the approach adds computational overhead, which is better suited to L2s and application-specific rollups, and points to Cartesi as a good fit.

## 30. Blob Aggregation - Step Towards More Efficient Blobs

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Blob-Aggregation-Step-Towards-More-Efficient-Blobs?index=0x679b2d2c0d3384fc7473fb098272d20d9c924c2c4be47923ec75e7af5ca832dd1f842c09
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/blob-aggregation-step-towards-more-efficient-blobs/21624
- Shared 30 January 2025, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

Blob Aggregation is a proposal to let multiple rollups share Ethereum blob space by combining their blobs into one, aiming to lower costs and improve efficiency. The authors argue that blob space is limited and underused, since rollups pay the full price for each blob whether it is full or empty, which wastes space and pushes fees up for everyone. Under the design, rollups send blob shards to permissionless aggregators, which group them into an aggregated blob and post it through a Shared Blob Registry contract that verifies shards and pays aggregators a small fee on realized savings. The proposal lists open questions about incentives, shard collisions, and the risk that an aggregator collects rewards without including data.

## 31. How to stop 95% of DeFi Hacks at Scale

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/How-to-stop-95percent-of-DeFi-Hacks-at-Scale?index=0x6789cd41c812af93d41db8cd7a650de7874e3fae6bdf66d3b019c0b4b734689d6873bb83
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/meatbal-mitigating-extractive-actions-via-trusted-blockchain-accountability-layer-or-how-to-stop-95-of-defi-hacks-at-scale/21471
- Shared 17 January 2025, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

This Ethereum Magicians-style proposal argues that two new JSON-RPC methods, eth_clandestineSubmitTransaction and eth_clandestineSubmitBlock, could let MEV Boost relays front-run hacker transactions and recover funds for projects, with the author estimating that about 95% of DeFi hacks would be eliminated. The proposal requires multiple whitelisted security firms to reach a quorum on a malicious transaction before submission, and it says recovered funds would be returned to the project, with an optional portion kept for a pooled insurance treasury and payments to participating security companies. The text acknowledges that hacks can still occur if an attacker runs their own validator and builds the block locally.

## 32. On increasing the block gas limit: technical considerations & path forward

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/On-increasing-the-block-gas-limit-technical-considerations-and-path-forward?index=0x675715e1bdc08d243f969dce7229dbc455d91f5a84fbb1b1a59e83ef2bd1d2f0633c1998
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/on-increasing-the-block-gas-limit-technical-considerations-path-forward/21225
- Shared 9 December 2024, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

Core developers Toni, Marek, Pari, Jacek, Paul, Tim and Alex argue that Ethereum's block gas limit should not be raised toward 60 million gas right now, and that increases beyond 36 million should wait for more data after the Pectra upgrade. They say consensus-layer clients cap gossiped blocks at 10 MiB, so blocks above roughly 40 million gas could fail to propagate and cause missed slots. They point to EIP-7623 and EIP-7691, both included in Pectra, as providing the headroom and empirical data needed for safe increases, and they suggest a first step to around 36 million gas.

## 33. PeerDAS with significantly less bandwidth consumption

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/PeerDAS-with-significantly-less-bandwidth-consumption?index=0x6731f4426829d72ace8f0c024b0be58388816c02629ecea2cf6e176c7c830f1cb2aab0ab
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/peerdas-with-significantly-less-bandwidth-consumption/20932/1
- Shared 11 November 2024, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

The author proposes a PeerDAS variant that cuts per-node bandwidth by 56.2%, from 64*C to 28*C bytes per slot with the spec parameters D=8, K=2 and S=8. Nodes would subscribe to only K=2 GossipSub topics and, for their remaining sampled columns, wait for peers to notify them and then request each column from one peer, moving to the next peer after a 400 ms timeout. The text says K=4 would still give a 37.5% reduction, and that the design guarantees only one copy per non-subscribed column, unlike IDONTWANT, which cannot guarantee a fixed copy count.

## 34. Practical endgame on issuance policy

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Practical-endgame-on-issuance-policy?index=0x6719ef9e136004dd633f3fe7f00f31c60edd296fb726a311386684636f4a1041c6f33c64
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/practical-endgame-on-issuance-policy/20747
- Shared 24 October 2024, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

Anders Elowsson proposes a practical endgame for Ethereum issuance policy that would stop growth in stake while keeping consensus incentives and paying positive regular rewards to diligent small solo stakers. The proposal favors viability over certainty, arguing that lowering the staking yield to a low but positive level will likely be enough. The article suggests a social cap of 0.5% annual issuance, which it describes as easy to understand and high enough to sustain a viable staking set. It notes that around 35M ETH is currently staked and identifies a cubed reward curve as fitting the preferred range, while leaving the exact curve specification open for community agreement.

## 35. Supporting decentralized staking through more anti-correlation incentives

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Supporting-decentralized-staking-through-more-anti-correlation-incentives?index=0x66035ddce0a2ded172c58d75ea3f2de5806cf79aab229b83d64d28859dae3a89797468e9
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/supporting-decentralized-staking-through-more-anti-correlation-incentives/19116
- Shared 26 March 2024, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

The article proposes extending anti-correlation penalties to routine failures, such as missed attestations, so that validators running many nodes on shared infrastructure face higher penalties when they fail alongside others. The author's preliminary analysis compares actual co-failures within publicly known staking clusters (such as "Lido" and "Coinbase") against expected co-failures under two baseline methods and a fake-cluster method, finding excess correlated failures within clusters. In a simulation, an "excess" penalty scheme reduced the penalty advantage of big stakers over small ones, from about 1.4x to about 1.3x under the basic dataset, and the article notes that the code is publicly available for independent replication.

## 36. On increasing the block gas limit

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/On-increasing-the-block-gas-limit?index=0x65c3693f364a743c1e2cd2647e770012cc3ad70d891ee082900cc390535f3290d31617ab
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/on-increasing-the-block-gas-limit/18567
- Shared 7 February 2024, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

Toni and Vitalik propose increasing the block gas limit and the price of nonzero calldata bytes to achieve a smaller, less variable block size and make room for more blobs. They note that effective block size in bytes roughly doubled over the past 12 months, which they attribute possibly to rollups using Ethereum for data availability and trends like Inscriptions. The article outlines five design options, including raising calldata cost to 42 gas, which would cut the maximum block size from about 1.78 MB to about 0.68 MB, and an execution discount formula that charges 16 gas per calldata byte for transactions with sufficient EVM gas use.

## 37. Sticking to 8192 signatures per slot post-SSF: how and why

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Sticking-to-8192-signatures-per-slot-post-SSF-how-and-why?index=0x658c9987a396c15ddd1e9106682985a9394ef3d46753498808bb995602cd50bc007b6f64
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/sticking-to-8192-signatures-per-slot-post-ssf-how-and-why/17989
- Shared 27 December 2023, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

The author, Vitalik Buterin, argues that Ethereum should stick to about 8192 signatures per slot after SSF rather than keep growing the validator set, and that the remaining decision is which of three approaches to take. He says the current design, at roughly 28,000 signatures per slot and 1,790,000 post-SSF, brings heavy technical costs, and that everyone-signs-every-slot staking would not truly reach the average person. The three approaches are going all-in on decentralized staking pools with a 4096 ETH minimum, two-tiered staking with a heavy and a light layer, and rotating committees weighted by balance. He estimates the cost of attack would be about 900k ETH under the rotating approach, compared with about 9 million ETH today.

## 38. Passkey Account Abstraction signer

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Passkey-Account-Abstraction-signer?index=0x648d8260c57180f8711ec794806c033a6ff8ce2624983ef0aa0d808c6a1648f13f44acbc
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/passkey-based-account-abstraction-signer-for-smart-contract-wallets/15856
- Shared 17 June 2023, 2 upvotes, 0 comments

Passkey Signer is a proposed signer package for account abstraction smart contract wallets that uses passkeys, so users can log in and sign transactions with device authentication such as Face ID, Touch ID or passwords. The package would extend ethers' abstract signer, with the authors crediting @nlok5923 and @0xjjpa for work, reviews and discussion. The article says passkeys avoid seed phrases and private key management and resist weak, reused, leaked or phished credentials. Listed drawbacks include significant on-chain gas costs for signature verification, which Opclave addresses with a custom rollup using a "secp256r1 verifier" precompile, and device dependency, which iCloud Keychain backups and multi-device owner support are meant to mitigate.

## 39. Etherveil - An Ethereum Privacy Browser

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Etherveil-An-Ethereum-Privacy-Browser?index=0x6a345d6a73ba185944111a89baacef4c26516a45bcecc9d9f0ec2054e4dbf56cddb3640d
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/etherveil-an-ethereum-privacy-browser/25224
- Shared 18 June 2026, 1 upvote, 1 comment

Etherveil is a proposed Firefox-based browser, built on the Tor Browser's patch set with the Kohaku wallet engine embedded, that aims to make privacy a property of the runtime rather than a user setting. It enforces privacy across network, execution, and on-chain layers, so that all users within the same Fingerprint Profile class look identical to websites. The document is an early-stage architectural proposal, not a finalised implementation or security guarantee, and the name is tentative. Transactions route through Tornado Cash by default, UserOperations are submitted via Tor-routed ERC-4337 bundlers, and the design explicitly excludes extension compatibility and user-controlled fingerprint tuning. Several questions, including profile persistence, mixnet defaults, and web compatibility, remain open.

## 40. Endgame Staking Economics: A Case for Targeting

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Endgame-Staking-Economics-A-Case-for-Targeting?index=0x6610018f01a3ecec4c7cfb28b8c87d02a310e226ee01e46dc8dd85837e4538917fe7ba3e
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/endgame-staking-economics-a-case-for-targeting/18751
- Shared 5 April 2024, 1 upvote, 1 comment

Adietrichs and Caspar Schwa argue that Ethereum's current issuance policy lets all ETH eventually be staked, which over-secures the protocol and creates negative externalities, and that endgame staking economics should instead target a staking ratio range, such as around 1/4 of all ETH. They note that about 30M ETH, or 1/4 of all ETH, is staked today, and that most new stake will likely come through liquid staking tokens (LSTs), which gain money-ness with adoption and time. The authors say LSTs create winner-takes-most dynamics from liquidity network effects, increase competitive pressure on solo staking, and expose users to inherited counterparty risk. They also describe MEV yield of about 300,000 ETH annually as a constant share of staking incentives.

## 41. EF: the trusted computing base of an Ethereum client

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/EF-the-trusted-computing-base-of-an-Ethereum-client?index=0x6ac48a63a056a616f02f9842adc89501c847d8a78e18a92bd6d862b48df04a45105c7c9c
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/ethereums-tcb-part-1-the-client/26086
- Shared 6 October 2026, 1 upvote, 0 comments

The post, by George and Kev, argues that formal verification can significantly shrink the trusted computing base (TCB) of an Ethereum client, though it cannot remove it entirely. It proposes splitting clients into pure modules, which are easy to verify, and dirty modules with side effects and I/O, which should be modelled as untrusted by design and verified later as close to the wire as possible. The authors compare five end-to-end options, from translators like Aeneas and hax to assembly via a RISC-V model and a verified compiler such as Pancake. They note that deeper proofs shrink the TCB but depart further from current software engineering practice.

## 42. The Extremely Lean Chain

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/The-Extremely-Lean-Chain?index=0x6a4b5b7b05842062ec202cded88d79c563f65b5790dbb34e32dbb3d8c5c66921fae7703d
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/the-extremely-lean-chain/25369
- Shared 6 July 2026, 1 upvote, 0 comments

The article proposes a redesign of the Ethereum consensus chain, within the "Lean" upgrades, that minimizes state by pushing responsibility for state onto stakers, who manage their own state and occasionally ZK-prove it. Each validator would store only an effective balance (1 byte) and a pubkey index (5 bytes), with the pubkey kept in the deposit tree and proven via Merkle proofs. Each validator would submit a daily balance update STARK, and the author estimates about 5400 Merkle branches per day with 16-second epochs, provable within an hour on weak hardware. At one million validators, daily proofs would need aggregation to keep onchain load manageable. A later phase adds privacy by giving each validator a fresh pubkey every day.

## 43. Validator Redirected Revenue

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Validator-Redirected-Revenue?index=0x6a3866411dda5c0d89d1a16dbd5602ade46bb13a9a6038f75b20d4dfebc5838826eb8f4d
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/validator-redirected-revenue/25248
- Shared 21 June 2026, 1 upvote, 0 comments

A proposal for Ethereum argues that validators should redirect part of their staking rewards to ecosystem funding to address a free-rider problem that leaves shared infrastructure underfunded. Under the design, validators signal a redirect rate capped at 10%, and if 51% of validators signal a rate above 0, the redirect becomes mandatory for all validators. At current levels of 35-40 million staked ETH and 1.91% rewards, a 5-10% redirect would provide about 50-70k ETH per year. Recipient splits would be chosen every 128 blocks (about 5 minutes) through a King of the Hill mechanism that keeps whichever splitter contract is closer to validators' preferences, measured by Manhattan distance.

## 44. Design Space for a Post-Quantum Public Key Registry for Ethereum Validators

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Design-Space-for-a-Post-Quantum-Public-Key-Registry-for-Ethereum-Validators?index=0x6a21f76395e1011a515d366dd8919f04638262dcaeee3680242a92b46c2f085b45440c77
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/exploring-the-design-space-for-a-post-quantum-public-key-registry-for-ethereum-validators/25040
- Shared 4 June 2026, 1 upvote, 0 comments

This Ethereum Research post proposes a Public Key Registry as a warmup phase before validators switch from BLS signatures to a post-quantum scheme, with hash-based XMSS named as the strongest candidate. The authors say the registry fork will come first, letting validators register post-quantum keys, with the signature switch following several forks later. Per the post, an XMSS public key is 52 bytes, compared with 48 bytes for a BLS12-381 key, and each per-slot signature is 3,112 bytes, versus 96 bytes for BLS. The post says a top-bottom tree strategy reduces key generation and signing to O(√lifetime), requiring only a few megabytes of storage.

## 45. Why Ethereum Needs a Dynamically Available Protocol

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Why-Ethereum-Needs-a-Dynamically-Available-Protocol?index=0x69bab0a41f511cebbf2e33114f058a1f341e412c597948fdae0243af4cd14eb47776d10d
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/why-ethereum-needs-a-dynamically-available-protocol/24418
- Shared 18 March 2026, 1 upvote, 0 comments

Luca Zanolini argues that Ethereum's next consensus protocol needs a dynamically available heartbeat layer, meaning the chain keeps producing blocks as long as a majority of currently awake stake is honest. The article cites Ethereum's record of never going offline, including a lowest recorded block proposal rate of about 90% during the May 2023 consensus client incident. It proposes Goldfish as the protocol for this layer, with a randomly selected committee of about 256 validators per slot, and says this would let attestations fit within a single subnet broadcast without aggregation rounds.

## 46. Second Thoughts: How 1-second subslots transform CEX-DEX Arbitrage on Ethereum

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Second-Thoughts-How-1-second-subslots-transform-CEX-DEX-Arbitrage-on-Ethereum?index=0x697340dfa13c0e0e5eb84f678d1214953c7280445a576665ab3d38d880727b2327847bea
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/second-thoughts-how-1-second-subslots-transform-cex-dex-arbitrage-on-ethereum/23923
- Shared 23 January 2026, 1 upvote, 0 comments

This paper models how shortening Ethereum's slot time to 1-second subslots would change CEX-DEX arbitrage, arguing that faster execution makes arbitrageurs more willing to attempt trades. The simulations, calibrated to Binance and Uniswap v3 data from July to September 2025, find that faster slots increase arbitrage transaction count by 535% and trading volume by 203% on average. For a risk-averse agent with a 35% probability of landing the DEX leg, the paper attributes the rise to reduced variance of successful and failed trade outcomes, which raises risk-adjusted returns. The authors state that observed arbitrage activity may understate latent demand, since profitable opportunities are often skipped because of current confirmation times.

## 47. Tracing bad funds through shielded pools

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Tracing-bad-funds-through-shielded-pools?index=0x693a896ada2ba4b06d4b938758f817792f66e2dbf3c1066e387e4a4e21f51a890b796f21
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/tracing-bad-funds-through-shielded-pools/23624
- Shared 11 December 2025, 1 upvote, 0 comments

A proposed design would let note owners in shielded token pools learn how much of their balance descends from a publicly blacklisted deposit, without revealing anything else. Each note would carry encrypted records of its upstream deposits, so the owner could learn the amount that flowed from a flagged deposit and then use a "decontamination circuit" to create a clean note. The proposal is motivated by Railgun's one-hour deposit delay, which the text says a bad actor could slip past, and by Payy, which removes nullifiers and therefore makes its whole transaction graph observable. It is presented as an exploration, not a recommendation.

## 48. EIL: Trust minimized cross-L2 interop

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/EIL-Trust-minimized-cross-L2-interop?index=0x691dd5c0cd2b5b1228075d30226879024aa5611d826a32b6dfc99dc0e75526d79fd519ac
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/eil-trust-minimized-cross-l2-interop/23437
- Shared 19 November 2025, 1 upvote, 0 comments

Ethereum Interop Layer (EIL) is proposed as a cross-L2 standard that lets users sign once for a cross-chain transaction without adding new trust assumptions. The article says it is built on ERC-4337 account abstraction, with users initiating and settling cross-L2 actions directly from their wallets rather than through relayers or solvers. For token transfers, it describes an optimistic atomic-swap design that avoids secrets and reduces source-chain transactions to two, one per party, with no destination-chain transaction. Liquidity providers, called XLPs, register and deposit funds in a CrossChainPaymaster and lock stake on L1, with an 8-day unstake delay.

## 49. Hybrid Encrypted Mempools

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Hybrid-Encrypted-Mempools?index=0x68ffde792d20785c9bc0231413192d9c5cf6116142945cc85fd80b05ec0568a400e76e70
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/hybrid-encrypted-mempools/23360
- Shared 27 October 2025, 1 upvote, 0 comments

The article proposes a hybrid encrypted mempool design for Ethereum, in which users encrypt transactions that a threshold committee decrypts, with the user able to open them if the committee is offline. It argues that existing private submission channels such as MEV Protect, MEV Blocker and BuilderNet do not protect all users, citing that someone gets sandwiched about every 30 seconds according to Hildobby's dashboard. The authors say the design combines Anders' Sealed Transactions with threshold encryption, since the committee deters users from selectively opening transactions for MEV. They also propose hybrid encryption with on-chain symmetric ciphertexts and sampled data availability.

## 50. A roadmap for funding Ethereum’s Open Source infrastructure

- Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/A-roadmap-for-funding-Ethereums-Open-Source-infrastructure?index=0x6821e714befcbe959b68fa9a12efa59389f8cad11d9ec564b136afbc30f84800b56c2bb9
- Source: https://ethresear.ch/t/a-roadmap-for-funding-ethereum-s-open-source-infrastructure/22278
- Shared 12 May 2025, 1 upvote, 0 comments

Authors @sejalrekhan97 and @devansh76 propose a three-phase roadmap for funding Ethereum's open source infrastructure independently of the Ethereum Foundation, which they say has a finite runway at prices under $2000. The phases are broad listening through tools such as Polis or Talk to the City, a public L2Beat-style dashboard tracking who funds which repos, and a pledge in which L2s, DAOs and apps commit 1% of token airdrops to Protocol Guild and 2% of protocol revenue or fees to their own dependencies. As an example of local dependencies, they cite Curve Finance using Vyper more than Solidity, which they say makes funding Vyper in Curve's self-interest.