# LSTs: The $100Bn DeFi opportunity

Source: https://twitter.com/PolygonVentures/status/1725521787012981025

## Summary

Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs) have grown from a niche started in 2021 into the largest DeFi category by TVL, at about $24 billion, according to the article. Participants lock tokens to validate transactions, and LST protocols turn those locked stakes into freely tradable tokens, with commissions typically ranging from 10% to 25% of staking rewards. The article names Lido, Rocket Pool, Coinbase, Binance and Frax as leading providers, and cites Coinbase's 25% fee, under which Ethereum staking rewards generated $73.7 million in Q1 2023, around 10% of Coinbase's revenue. It also lists risks including centralization around Lido and the layered-leverage concerns of restaking, which it compares to the Global Financial Crisis.

## Article

𝐋𝐒𝐓𝐬 : 𝐓𝐡𝐞 $𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐁𝐧+ 𝐃𝐞𝐅𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲

Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs) started as a niche in 2021 when Ethereum was planning its transition to Proof of Stake but has rapidly grown to become the largest DeFi category by TVL, amassing a staggering $24 billion.

Understanding LSTs
Participants lock up tokens on POS chains to validate transactions, earning staking rewards in return. This stake acts as collateral that can be penalized/slashed if they validate incorrect transactions.

Ethereum's minimum stake requirement for becoming a validator is 32 ETH – a substantial sum. To circumvent this, users can delegate as low as 0.01 ETH to decentralized protocols or centralized services that stake on their behalf and distribute rewards proportionately. But this process locks up the stake, rendering it illiquid and less capital efficient.

LSTs transform these stakes into fungible, liquid tokens. These tokens are a representation of the locked underlying tokens and can be freely traded, transferred, paid, used as collateral, and a plethora of opportunities which we’ll dig into.

Revenue Generation through LSTs
Ethereum staking offers an attractive passive investment avenue to institutions. Staked ETH generates rewards over time, akin to bank deposits earning interest.

Ethereum's staking yields hover between 4-6%, with about 23% of the total supply currently staked. While these returns might seem modest compared to current interest rates, they present a compelling 'risk-free' yield for institutions, especially when interest rates normalize.

Staking rewards are paid out through a combination of:
1️⃣Token inflation to pay validators who support the network
2️⃣Gas fees that users pay to process transactions

Leading the charge on LSTs are @LidoFinance, @Rocket_Pool, @coinbase, @binance, @fraxfinance. Each of these protocols stakes user’s ETH and offer their own liquid token as the representation of the staked ETH - stEth, rEth, cbETH, frETH.

LST protocols typically charge commissions ranging from 10%-25% of the staking rewards. Take the case of Coinbase which charges a 25% fee - Eth staking rewards generated $73.7 million in Q1 2023, around 10% of Coinbase's revenue.

The Broader LST Landscape
LSTs maximize each staked token's utility, mitigating the need for excessive token issuance for network security. 

🔹Restaking- @eigencloud is pioneering a re-staking layer where stake can be reused for additional services like validating new protocols, securing new DA layers, decentralized sequencers, and oracle services amplifying income potential.
🔹Yield - Protocols like @Instadapp utilize automated vaults to enhance returns by leveraging LSTs for borrowing and earning additional rewards.
🔹CDP - Similar to MakerDAO, CDP protocols like @PrismaFi and @LybraFinance accept LSTs as collateral for minting stablecoins.
🔹Index - Indexes amalgamate various staking protocols, offering investors exposure to a range of LST tokens while minimizing risk.
🔹Lending - LSTs serve as collateral for borrowing on platforms like @aave, integrating into the broader lending ecosystem.

Navigating the Risks in LSTs
Centralization concerns-
Dominant players like Lido raise systemic risks, where smart contract vulnerabilities can impact not just staked Ethereum but the entire ecosystem built on stETH.

Collateralization levels-
The complexity of restaking structures can amplify risk, drawing parallels to the Global Financial Crisis where the housing bubble led to a collapse of layered mortgage-backed securities.

The Path Forward
While Ethereum dominates the LST ecosystem, other ecosystems are also working on unlocking staked liquidity.

 @babylon_chain is pioneering Bitcoin staking to secure POS chains, tapping into the vast reserves of unused BTC for a wide range of applications beyond digital gold.

@0xPolygonLabs validators can stake POL to earn rewards from multiple rollup chains including @X1_Network, @NEARProtocol, @Immutable, all building on Polygon’s CDK. 

LSTfi stands at the cusp of a new era of yield-bearing digital assets that can secure new applications and expand the crypto sphere.

For a deeper dive into LSTs, we highly recommend the insightful reports by @redstone_defi and @BinanceResearch. These offer a comprehensive view of the LST landscape and its transformative potential in the DeFi ecosystem.