# Proof of Biometric Uniqueness for one-human-one-node consensus

Source: https://papers.humanode.io/pobu.pdf
Kiwi News: https://news.kiwistand.com/stories/Proof-of-Biometric-Uniqueness-for-one-human-one-node-consensus?index=0x6aedac7a0db984be77311fbf00706b2df794313803ff5b068e74b87e0a47902fb13e403c
Submitted by cyber on 2026-11-06 UTC, 3 upvotes, 1 comment

## Comments

**cyber**: The bet in our PoBU paper is that getting 100 units of validator weight should take 100 distinct people. One operator can pool more stake or buy more machines. With PoBU, if the uniqueness check holds, each person can add one unit of weight and has to stay eligible.

A whale could still pay people to validate on their behalf. In section 7 we measured how block production was spread across validator keys, which tells us very little about who might be paying the people behind them.

How would you test whether paying people to keep validating is harder to scale than pooling stake?