PREDA Parallel VMs: Parallel EVM Model Implementing Shared Nothing Architecture

Crystality, a parallel EVM, uses a shared-nothing architecture (SNA) and its PREDA programming model to scale blockchain execution, which the article argues avoids the limits of shared-memory parallel EVMs. The article says Crystality shows 10.2X to 21.9X higher TPS than Aptos and Sui, though it points to a deck for the experiment figures. It describes Asynchronous Functional Relay and Programmable Scopes as the mechanisms that let transactions move between independent VMs without conflicts, using a token transfer between Bob's and Alice's balances on separate VMs as its example.