5 Levels of secure hardware

Paradigm's article argues that programmable cryptography at scale requires secure hardware, and that developers can build many applications on it today while stronger security will need innovation at the hardware layer. It describes five levels of secure hardware, with the authors placing themselves at Level 3, which offers great developer experience, near-native performance and GPU support but no security improvements. Level 4 adds an open manufacturing process, and Level 5 adds heterogeneous open secure hardware connected for redundancy, which the article says would enable reliable global-scale uses such as voting or handling sensitive medical data.