A Survey of Parallel VM Systems

This article presents experiments comparing parallel execution models in blockchain systems, arguing that the PREDA model shows significant throughput and scalability gains. It reports absolute TPS for equivalent ERC20 contracts on Sei, Aptos, Sui, Crystality and PREDA on a 128-core machine, with speedup ratios used to compare each system against its own single-VM baseline. Aptos uses optimistic parallelization and Sui uses pessimistic parallelization, while PREDA uses a shared-nothing architecture that relays execution between EVMs.