On increasing the block gas limit

Toni and Vitalik propose increasing the block gas limit and the price of nonzero calldata bytes to achieve a smaller, less variable block size and make room for more blobs. They note that effective block size in bytes roughly doubled over the past 12 months, which they attribute possibly to rollups using Ethereum for data availability and trends like Inscriptions. The article outlines five design options, including raising calldata cost to 42 gas, which would cut the maximum block size from about 1.78 MB to about 0.68 MB, and an execution discount formula that charges 16 gas per calldata byte for transactions with sufficient EVM gas use.