Validium

Validium is a scaling solution that uses validity proofs like ZK-rollups to verify offchain transactions, but does not store transaction data on Ethereum Mainnet. Its offchain data availability enables higher throughput and lower fees, with the article citing validiums processing about 9,000 transactions per second, though it creates a risk that operators withholding offchain data can freeze user funds. To reduce that risk, some validiums use a data availability committee of trusted entities, while others use bonded data availability, where participants stake tokens that are slashed if they fail to prove data availability.